Perhaps the most troublesome reality about the use of excessive force is that there are multiple causes of it. Of the five kinds of police misconduct, at least three of them can lead to this type of deviance. And because this is true, there is no one "cure" or approach to doing away with it. Discuss at least two causes of excessive force and reflect upon how this creates quite a frustrating reality for police officers, for police leaders, for police review systems, and/or for students of police behavior.